Currently reading "The Living Energy Universe" by Gary Schwartz and Linda Russek. I might get into his full hypothesis later, but for now I want to focus on one aspect: Water has "emergent" properties, can these be predicted by the individual properties of hydrogen and oxygen?
First let's pick a few emergent properties of water that are uncommon to most other compounds:
1. Solid water is lighter than liquid water
2. All snowflakes are unique
3. Capillary action/ electrostatic adhesion
4. Ionic action/ formation of acids and bases
5. Life
The interaction between oxygen and hydrogen seems easy to predict, but I think my familiarity with water is coloring my perceptions. Oxygen seems important- it is active in all living tissues to a great extent. Its electronegativity plays into this quite a bit- in descending order, the most electronegative elements are:
Fluorine
Oxygen
Chlorine
Nitrogen
Bromine
Iodine
Sulfur
Selenium
Carbon
Gold
Tungsten
Lead
and so on.
Then let's look at the relative abundance of the most common elements in the solar system:
Hydrogen 1- 705,700 ppm
Helium 4- 275,200 ppm
Oxygen 16- 5,920 ppm
Carbon 12- 3,032 ppm
Neon 20- 1,548 ppm
Iron 56- 1,169 ppm
Nitrogen 14- 1,105 ppm
Silicon 28- 653 ppm
Magnesium 24- 513 ppm
Sulfur 32- 396 ppm
Neon 22- 208
And it gets small after that.
However, the earth is 47% oxygen by weight. Most of the earth is composed of silicon dioxide and pretty much all of the rest is composed of some other metal oxide. All of the other bodies in the solar system have similar properties, being mostly composed of silicon dioxide, save for the sun, Jupiter and Saturn, that are composed of Hydrogen and Helium. Taking this data into account, the atoms are available to make water. However, hydrogen would rather be a gas and oxygen would rather form rock.
I am reminded of my friend Zach who plays the trumpet. He once mentioned shopping for a high-end trumpet in Germany. He explained to me that some of these trumpets included various mixes of copper and zinc in different ways, and that some of the richer tones from these finer metals wouldn't even be heard unless an expert was playing the instrument. This is like the tuning of the planetary system. Only earth, which represents the trumpet being played just right, can cause water to emerge. On the other planets, sound is surely formed, but not at such a perfect tone as earth.
When a planet is placed at the right location relative to the power sources of the galaxy, liquid water forms. Oxygen usually forms solid oxides with the other common elements that are out there, but in the right conditions it forms a liquid that has some properties fundamentally unique when compared to any other substance.
One of the most important properties for this exercise is that solid water floats. When a pool of most of these oxides solidifies, it does so from the bottom (coolest near the crust) to the top (warmest near the sun). Water, however, floats to the top of the pool and is then warmed again by the sun. The densest water at the bottom of the pool is actually above freezing at 4° C. This is unlike any other oxide, where the densest material at the bottom of the pool would be at the freezing point of the oxide. So water alone naturally forms a special crystalline structure that prevents it from freezing totally.
More powerful is water's ionic abilities. It naturally disassociates just a little so that there are always ions present. Add in some ionic impurities and it carries an electric charge very well. But that's not all, it can also interact with highly reactive species like chlorine, fluorine and sodium to become a powerfully ionic substance that can react with almost any other element to greater and greater degrees.
And its greatest role is what it does form to life. This requires interaction with carbon, but the ions in water can be charge-separated to form energetic systems the complexities of which aren't seen anywhere else. It can create quantum effects that absorb energy from the environment and channel that energy to perpetuate specific patterns. Life, in other words.
Schwartz's main point is to look at this as a system, as opposed to discrete effects that happen to interact at this particular place in the universe. It's not like there are any other phenomena that generate such a wide array of unique properties. The universe seems to be designed to have "waterness" at certain points- and waterness leads to life.
This is the crux of the emergent property argument that systems thinking proposes. Looking at the properties of oxygen and hydrogen alone may lead you to what water is and how water will behave, perhaps even leading to the assumption of snow crystals and the ionic effects so unique to water. But could we assume that life would exist unless we knew it was possible first? Could a consciousness conceive of hydrogen and oxygen, and not water, and write out enough equations to theorize that life as we know it could not exist in the absence of water?
I doubt it. It would require a leap of faith to propose such a thing if we used our modern scientific rigor. There just aren't any combinations of 2 common elements that lead to such effects. In fact, pretty much all combinations of 2 common elements lead to a simple substance that has a linear phase transition diagram- hard and dense at low temps, slowly melting to less dense liquid, slowly evaporating to thin gas, slowly expanding to a diffuse plasma. Nothing else has such a wide array of differing and interacting electrical effects. No substance forms a crystalline matrix when frozen that is less dense than the liquid form thus causing the substance to circulate and distribute energy even over its volume. Few substances can be mixed with various other common elements to generate varying ionic and electrical effects. No substance makes up 70% to 90% of living matter apart from water.
So here we see systems thinking. I think another aspect to this is the lack of generalization. We often assume, due to lack of sheer processing power, that third and fourth order effects can be generalized, i.e. solids are more dense than their liquid counterparts. If we can see that the system of the universe inevitably produces water and therefore life, that such a phenomenon is inherent in the structure of matter, then we see the whole universe is life, all aspects of existence are participating. Assuming that all things are separate and obey a concrete set of laws generalizable across all similar phenomena fails to predict the most influential phenomenon in the universe- life.